The Role of Libya in the History of Carthag A Study of Civilizational Roots and Military Interactions

Abstract

  This study examines the geopolitical and historical dynamics between ancient Libyan entities and Carthage up to its destruction in 146 BCE. It addresses the structural shift in Libyco-Carthaginian relations from early land-tenure agreements involving annual rent payments to territorial expansion and high taxation, evaluating its impact on internal stability. Employing a comparative historical-analytical approach and source criticism of Greco-Roman texts cross-examined with archaeological evidence and modern research, the findings show that early Carthaginian presence acknowledged indigenous land sovereignty. However, Magonid territorial expansion and severe taxation transformed local allies into an internal threat, as reflected in the Mercenary War (241 BCE). Furthermore, the study confirms that Carthaginian military strength relied structurally on Libyan infantry and Numidian cavalry, and that King Massinissa's strategic alliance with Rome played a decisive role in Carthage's ultimate fall. 

Keywords: Ancient Libyan Kingdoms; Carthage; Numidia; King Massinissa; Mercenary War; Source Criticism.